1.
Effect Of Post Pelleting Liquid Phytase Supplementation On Growth Performance And Phosphorous Utilization In Broilers
by Muhammad Balal Munawar (2014-VA-516) | Prof. Dr. Saima | Dr. Shafqat Nawaz Qaisrani | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Poultry sector is one of the most developed and vibrant segment of agriculture sector in
Pakistan and is claimed to be among the largest industries of Pakistan with over more than 200
billion rupees investment and offering employment directly or indirectly to 1.5 million people. In
vegetable sources used in poultry rations, P is mostly present in phytate form. Phytate P is not
digested by poultry due to lack of endogenous phytase enzyme. So exogenous phytase are now
added in feed to release P from phytate. Phytase is mainly derived from fungi (Aspergilus niger)
and bacteria (Escherichi coli). Phytase starts work either at 3rd C (3-Phytase) or at 6thC (6-Phytase)
of phytate Phytase mostly used in pre pelleting powder form but it has some activity issues during
high pelleting temperature. Steam application is the most important factor that reduces enzyme
activity due high steam temperature and addition of moisture ultimately lead to enzyme inactivity.
Post pelleting liquid enzyme can be one solution to combat enzyme activity issue.
In total, 504 1-d-old chicks were procured from a commercial hatchery and randomly
assigned to six dietary treatments with Hubbard straight run n=84 chicks per treatment. Each
treatment was further divided into 3 replicates with 28 birds/replicate. One treatment was served
as positive control, while second was served as negative control with (0.30 and 0.26 %) P in starter
and grower respectively. Other four diets had two levels (500 and 750 FTU/kg) of each powder
and liquid enzyme. Liquid enzyme supplementation was done post pelleting. Pelleting temperature
was kept at 85o C.
Feed intake, body weight gain and FCR was recorded at the end of each week. At 35th day of
experiment, 3 birds per replicate were selected randomly, weighed and slaughtered. At the time of
slaughtering, blood samples were collected in heparinized tubes for the determination of plasma
SUMMARY
40
P.Ileal digesta from the slaughtered birds was collected for the determination of P digestibility.
The visceral organs and left tibia from the slaughtered birds were collected, organ weight was
recorded and tibias were ashed for determination of Calcium and P.
Data collected was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique under
Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and means were compared through DMR test by
using SAS 9.1 version (SAS 2001).
The conducted study showed 49.45%, 64.64%, and 8.64 % higher results in feed
intake, body weight gain and FCR when best group H compared with group A (NC). Liver
and heart weight increase in group A, however gizzard weight showed non significant
(p>0.05) results among all groups. Tibia ash, Phosphorous, calcium and plasma P showed
significant results (p<0.05) when all phytase supplemented diets compared with NC. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2631-T] (1).
2.
Effects Of Digestible Lysine Levels On Production Efficiency, Protein Digestibility, Gut Health And Carcass Characteristics In Broilers Fed Different Protein Sources
by Muhammad Jhazaib Arslan (2014-VA-956) | Dr. Shafqat Nawaz Qaisrani | Prof. Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: In Pakistan, poultry is a vibrant part of agriculture. Nutritional and genetic improvements resulted in accelerated PEF in broilers. This improved broiler production efficiency requires greater amount of digestible nutrients like digestible amino acids. Feeding cost accounts for 70% of total cost and protein is the most expensive component of broilers ration. Future poultry rations will be formulated by using poorly digestible and cheaper protein sources such as SFM and CM due to price instability of highly digestible sources like SBM. The undigested protein in hind gut subjected to microbial fermentation, results in formation of nitrogenous products that are harmful to birds. The possible solution to this problem is supplementation of synthetic amino acids in low nutrient density (CP) diets formulated by using cheaper and poorly digestible protein sources. Therefore a study was designed with the objectives to determine the impact of dLys on production efficiency, TTP digestibility, gut health and carcass characteristics in broilers fed poorly digestible protein sources (CM and SFM). An experiment with 624 Ross 308 1-d-old broilers was conducted to test the hypothesis that supplementation of dLys may improve production efficiency, TTP digestibility, gut health and carcass characteristics of the broilers fed poorly digestible protein sources (CM and SFM). The interaction effects of the protein source (CM vs. SFM), CP levels (high vs. low) and dLys (high, medium and low) were tested in a factorial arrangement of 12 (2 × 2 × 3) dietary treatments and 1 control treatment. The supplementation of dLys positively influenced production efficiency (P <0.001). The birds fed diets containing 19% CP showed 8.53% greater TTP digestibility compared with those fed diets with 17% CP, however, VH was influenced by protein source (P<0.001) and CP level (P = 0.030), however, not influenced by dLys levels while CD was influenced by dLys levels (P = 0.023). The birds fed 1.16% dLys supplemented diet had a 9.6 and 7.5% greater dressed weight with giblets compared with those birds fed diets with 1.10 and 1.21% level of dLys. In conclusion, supplementation of dLys improves the broiler production efficiency fed poorly digestible protein sources (CM and SFM). The negative effects of poorly digestible protein sources thus may be partially ameliorated by supplementation of dLys.
CONCLUSIONS
Supplementation of dLys above the recommended levels (1.16%) improves the production efficiency, TTP digestibility of protein, gut health and carcass characteristics in broilers fed poorly digestible protein sources (CM and SFM). In conclusion, the efficiency of poorly digestible protein sources may be improved by supplementation of dLys at level of 1.16%.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2765-T] (1).
3.
Influence Of Digestible Lysine Levels On Growth Performance, Gut Development And Ileal Digestibility Of Two Vegetable Protein Sources Fed To Broiler Birds
by Anjum Faiz (2014-VA-955) | Dr. Shafqat Nawaz Qaisrani | Prof. Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: The poultry sector is playing a substantial role in agriculture sector of Pakistan. The extensive
research in poultry has brought vital changes that accelerated growth and improved FCR. Poultry
diets are majorly formulated cost effective for the sustainable poultry industry. For this reason,
the main focus is on protein sources which, if maintained to an adequate level with the
requirement results in cost effective feeding. In the coming days, main focus of the nutritionists
would be on replacement of expensive sources of protein during feed formulation. For this
reason, their first choice may be the selection of poorly digestible protein sources such as CM
and SFM. These sources are cheaper as compare to the SBM which is imported hence increasing
the feed cost. The poorly digestible protein sources, furthermore, in hind gut may be subjected to
microbial fermentation, results in formation of nitrogenous products that are not only harmful to
birds, but also excreted into litter bedding and generate ammonia, nitrous acid and nitrous oxide,
the latter one is a powerful greenhouse gas with an effect about 300 times compared with carbon
dioxide. The potential solution to this problem is supplementation of synthetic amino acids in
low nutrient density (CP) diets formulated by using cheaper and poorly digestible protein
sources. For this reason, a study was designed with the objectives to determine the impact of
dLys, on growth performance, ileal digestibility of protein and gut development in broilers fed
poorly digestible protein sources (CM and SFM). An experiment with 624 mixed sex 1-d-old
broilers (Ross 308) was conducted to test the hypothesis that supplementation of dLys may
improves growth performance of the broilers fed poorly digestible protein sources (CM and
SFM). The interaction effects of the protein source (CM vs. SFM), CP levels (high vs. low) and
dLys (recommended vs. supplemented) were tested in a factorial arrangement of 12 (2 × 2 × 3)
dietary treatments and SBM as a control diet was used. The results indicate the birds fed diets
DISCUSSION
42
containing CM and SFM supplemented with dLys has significant effect on growth performance
in broilers. The results of the study showed that the FI, BWG and FCR for CM and SFM based
diets was different during starter and grower phases. The FI and BWG FCR was influenced by
CM and SFM based diets. The FI was not influenced by dLys levels during starter phase. The
BWG and FCR was improved with supplementation of dLys levels. During starter phase FI and
BWG was not influenced by CP levels, however, FCR was improved. The results of the grower
phase indicate that FI was significantly influenced by protein sources, CP levels, as well as, by
dLys levels. The BWG, similarly, was significantly influenced by protein sources, CP levels, and
dLys levels. The FCR during the grower phase was improved by increasing CP level. The FCR
was also improved when fed CM based diets. Supplementation of dLys significantly influenced
FI and BGW during grower phase. The FCR was also improved with the supplementation of
dLys levels. The results indicate that the birds fed dLys supplemented diets had significant effect
on ileal digestibility of protein. The results of the study showed that ileal digestibility for protein
was not influenced by CP levels. The present study resulted that some of the organs are
significantly influenced by dLys levels and CP levels, whereas, other are in influenced by protein
sources. Amino acid supplementation showed significant difference on ileal digestibility of
protein and gut development in broilers. The negative effect of poorly digestible lysine can be
compensated with the supplementation of synthetic amino acids including lysine.
CONCLUSIONS
Supplementation of dLys above the recommended levels improves the growth performance, ileal
digestibility of protein and gut development in broilers fed poorly digestible protein sources (CM
and SFM). In conclusion, the negative effects of poorly digestible protein sources in broilers may
be ameliorated by supplementation of dLys. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2776-T] (1).
